renaissance:was a cultural change of the 15 and 16 centuries.
humanishm:was a cultural and intellectual movement.
erasmush de roterdam:was a one of the greatest humanist.
thomas more:" " "
juan luis vives: " "
johanes gutemberg: he inveted the prenting press
prentin press: it was good for the renaissance becouse with it they could do a lot of books.
nicolas copernics:he studied the and say the heliocentric movement.
heliocentric:this explain the universe movement.
ptlomeat:was the "" what said the church.
geocentric:" they said what the earth was the centre of the universe.
quatroccentto:it was florished in florence in the 15 century.
quinquecento:it was florished in rome in the 16 century, when it apeared the renassaince spread in europe.
proportions:they built with the humans proportions.
leon batista alberti:was one of the best arquitect of the quatroccento.
bramante:was one of the best arquitect of the quinquecento he start the san peters cathedral.
michelangelo:" " he did the dome of the "
maderno: " " he finished the " ".
massacio :was a good painter of the quatroccento and he was a pioner in the perspective.
perspective:it was the use of the colour and the sensation of deph and background.
leonardo:was a universe humanist.
titian:was a good painter of the quinqueccento he use lightly colours.
alberch durer:he was an arquitect who invented a new spanish stile
herrerian style:was a spanish style what was used a lot,.
plateresque style:was characterided becouse it had delicate ornamentation.
greco:was a spanish paintor with religious paintings.
martin luther:the creator of the protestanism.
protestants:was the religion vs the catholicism.
calvinism:was other religion founded for juan calvin.ç
predestination:the calvin doctrine is besed in it.
henry 8:he was the english king what made the royal the most power.
anglincan church:henry 8 made it is similar the the catholic.
council of trent:it was do for stop the protestant movement.
society of jesus:founded by saint ignacius of loyola it was do to stop the protestant movement.
inquisition:it persecuted the protestants.
charles 1:was a german king it was the holy roman emperor.
jueves, 13 de mayo de 2010
jueves, 6 de mayo de 2010
population
in asia becouse in there are a lot of people in a little space and in there are a bit mortality and the people have a lot of sons.
in la india i thing yes.
in la india i thing yes.
lunes, 19 de abril de 2010
unit 7 and 8 vocabulary
Unit 7
Marco Polo´:he was the person what shown the existence of india,japan and china.
Technical advances:in the 15 century were tecnical advances they were the portulan charts, navigational instruments and ships such as caravels
Portulan Charts:they showned the coastline and any obstacles at sea.
Compass:was one of the instruments what was developed in this century.
astrolabe:was one of the instruments what was developed in this century.
Quadrant:was one of the instruments what was developed in this century.
Caravels: they were one of the ships what was developed and it could travel longer distances.
Prince Henry the Navigator:was a portuguese monarch what organised various expeditions.
Bartolomeu Dias:he rounded the cape of good hope at the southern tip of africa, opening the sea route to indian ocean in 1488.
Vasco de Gama:he reached india in 1498.
Christopher Columbus:was a genoese sailor what find the new continent but he think that he arrive to india.
Ferdinand Magallan:he was the captain of one expedition what his goal was find a passage between the atlantic and pacific.
Juan Sebastian Elcano :he was the second comand in the expedition of ferdinand magellan and after the captain in the expedition.
Overseas empires:spain and portugal were overseas empires they prevent the problems teh two countries , unexplored regions were divided.
Treaty of Tordesillas: portugal and spain divided the territories unexplored with the treaty of tordesillas.
Indigenous population of America:when the europeans went to america they cause a dramatic decline to the indigenous population of america.
unit 8
The plague:was the most terrible event in europe it kill a quarter of the population of eurpe
The Black Death:was one epidemic it is the same of the plague.
Bourgueoisie :also they were very influential. it made up of rich and powerful merchants.
bureaucracy:the monarch created it, it was a profesional and centralised administration, which depended directly on the monarch-
army: the monarch created one and the monarch pay it to orde it to attack etc...
diplomatic:was created for the monarch it is a system to maintain relations with other countries.
autoritarian monarchies:they born and the king resident dont move as it had done in the middle ages.
Ivan the Great:he unified russia and became king.
Henry VIII:he was the king of england and he increased the royal power.
Charles VII:was on of the french monarch what consilidated their power.
Francis I:" " " " " "
Catholic Monarchs :they were isabel and ferdinand and they governed their territories togeder.
Holy brotherhood :the catholic monarch created it and it was a judicial police force.
Royal Council:the catholic monarch reorganised justice and strengthened the royal council , the highest judicial body.
Corregidores:the catholic monarchs appointed corregidores , to estabilish royal authority in the towns
Treasury:the catholic monarch strengthed the royal treasury and took privileges away from the nobles.
Tribunal of the Inquisition:it prosecute heretics.
conversos:were persecuted by the inquitsition.
Mudejares:they were spanish muslims.
Moriscos: they were muslims covered to the cristianity
Marco Polo´:he was the person what shown the existence of india,japan and china.
Technical advances:in the 15 century were tecnical advances they were the portulan charts, navigational instruments and ships such as caravels
Portulan Charts:they showned the coastline and any obstacles at sea.
Compass:was one of the instruments what was developed in this century.
astrolabe:was one of the instruments what was developed in this century.
Quadrant:was one of the instruments what was developed in this century.
Caravels: they were one of the ships what was developed and it could travel longer distances.
Prince Henry the Navigator:was a portuguese monarch what organised various expeditions.
Bartolomeu Dias:he rounded the cape of good hope at the southern tip of africa, opening the sea route to indian ocean in 1488.
Vasco de Gama:he reached india in 1498.
Christopher Columbus:was a genoese sailor what find the new continent but he think that he arrive to india.
Ferdinand Magallan:he was the captain of one expedition what his goal was find a passage between the atlantic and pacific.
Juan Sebastian Elcano :he was the second comand in the expedition of ferdinand magellan and after the captain in the expedition.
Overseas empires:spain and portugal were overseas empires they prevent the problems teh two countries , unexplored regions were divided.
Treaty of Tordesillas: portugal and spain divided the territories unexplored with the treaty of tordesillas.
Indigenous population of America:when the europeans went to america they cause a dramatic decline to the indigenous population of america.
unit 8
The plague:was the most terrible event in europe it kill a quarter of the population of eurpe
The Black Death:was one epidemic it is the same of the plague.
Bourgueoisie :also they were very influential. it made up of rich and powerful merchants.
bureaucracy:the monarch created it, it was a profesional and centralised administration, which depended directly on the monarch-
army: the monarch created one and the monarch pay it to orde it to attack etc...
diplomatic:was created for the monarch it is a system to maintain relations with other countries.
autoritarian monarchies:they born and the king resident dont move as it had done in the middle ages.
Ivan the Great:he unified russia and became king.
Henry VIII:he was the king of england and he increased the royal power.
Charles VII:was on of the french monarch what consilidated their power.
Francis I:" " " " " "
Catholic Monarchs :they were isabel and ferdinand and they governed their territories togeder.
Holy brotherhood :the catholic monarch created it and it was a judicial police force.
Royal Council:the catholic monarch reorganised justice and strengthened the royal council , the highest judicial body.
Corregidores:the catholic monarchs appointed corregidores , to estabilish royal authority in the towns
Treasury:the catholic monarch strengthed the royal treasury and took privileges away from the nobles.
Tribunal of the Inquisition:it prosecute heretics.
conversos:were persecuted by the inquitsition.
Mudejares:they were spanish muslims.
Moriscos: they were muslims covered to the cristianity
domingo, 11 de abril de 2010
la mesta
Yo pienso que la asociacion de la mesta es buena porque :
1ºPor que le dan mucha poder al pais.
2ºPor que las rutas de la transumancia unen las ciudades de todo el pais.
3ºPor que se benefician de la gran calidad de la lana de las ovejas.
4ºPor que aumentó mucho el comercio gracias a la lana y la carne de las ovejas.
5ºPor que la artesania aumentó mucho por la lana de las ovejas que hizo que se hicieran todo
tipo de prendas con esta lana de gran calidad.
Por otra parte no beneficia mucho por que las ovejas "destruyen" los campos y las cosechas de los agricultores y esto crea una gran disminución de este campo.
jueves, 25 de marzo de 2010
el viaje de marco polo
Marco Polo fue un mercader y explorador veneciano que, junto con su padre y su tío, estuvo entre los primeros occidentales que viajaron por la ruta de la seda a china. Se dice que introdujo la pólvora en Europa, aunque la primera vez que se utilizó en Occidente acaeció en la batalla de Niebla en 1262.
Los Polo (Marco, su padre y su tío) vivieron allí supuestamente durante diecisiete años antes de volver a Venecia. Tras su regreso, Marco Polo contaba a la sazón 41 años y comandaba una galera veneciana el día en que se libró, ante los muros de Korcula, en Croacia, una batalla naval contra la gran rival de Venecia, la república de Génova, en 1298. Los genoveses apresaron a Marco Polo, lo llevaron a Génova y allí, en la prisión, Polo dictó a un tal Rustichello de Pisa las memorias de su viaje fabuloso hasta Catai y el regreso por Malaca, Ceilán, la India y Persia. Rustichello redactó en un dialecto franco-véneto el libro conocido como Il Milione acerca de sus viajes. El libro se llamó originalmente Divisament du monde ,pero se popularizó como Libro de las maravillas del mundo y, más tarde, como Il Milione. Es creencia general que tal nombre vino de la tendencia del autor a referirse a grandes cantidades; "millones" pero es más probable que derivase de su propio nombre "Emilione", abreviado en Milione.
Los Polo (Marco, su padre y su tío) vivieron allí supuestamente durante diecisiete años antes de volver a Venecia. Tras su regreso, Marco Polo contaba a la sazón 41 años y comandaba una galera veneciana el día en que se libró, ante los muros de Korcula, en Croacia, una batalla naval contra la gran rival de Venecia, la república de Génova, en 1298. Los genoveses apresaron a Marco Polo, lo llevaron a Génova y allí, en la prisión, Polo dictó a un tal Rustichello de Pisa las memorias de su viaje fabuloso hasta Catai y el regreso por Malaca, Ceilán, la India y Persia. Rustichello redactó en un dialecto franco-véneto el libro conocido como Il Milione acerca de sus viajes. El libro se llamó originalmente Divisament du monde ,pero se popularizó como Libro de las maravillas del mundo y, más tarde, como Il Milione. Es creencia general que tal nombre vino de la tendencia del autor a referirse a grandes cantidades; "millones" pero es más probable que derivase de su propio nombre "Emilione", abreviado en Milione.
lunes, 22 de marzo de 2010
Pre-Columbian civilizatión
they live in south america.
This list of pre-Columbian civilizations includes those civilitations and cultures of the americaas which flourished prior to the european colonization in the americas. These Pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics such as permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies.
Many of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals and are known only through archaelogical investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few (such as the Maya) had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time largely viewed such text as heretical and few survived Christian pyres. Only a few hidden documents remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
From both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter possessed many impressive feats such as the most populous city in the world as well as modern theory of astronomy and mathematics.
Where they persist, the societies and cultures which gave rise to these civilizations may now be substantively different in form to that of the original. However, many of these peoples and their descendants still uphold various traditions and practices which relate back to these earlier times, even if combined with those more recently-adopted.
The cultures are listed alphabetically, with the approximate time interval of existence and modern-day location.
This list of pre-Columbian civilizations includes those civilitations and cultures of the americaas which flourished prior to the european colonization in the americas. These Pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics such as permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies.
Many of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals and are known only through archaelogical investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few (such as the Maya) had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time largely viewed such text as heretical and few survived Christian pyres. Only a few hidden documents remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
From both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter possessed many impressive feats such as the most populous city in the world as well as modern theory of astronomy and mathematics.
Where they persist, the societies and cultures which gave rise to these civilizations may now be substantively different in form to that of the original. However, many of these peoples and their descendants still uphold various traditions and practices which relate back to these earlier times, even if combined with those more recently-adopted.
The cultures are listed alphabetically, with the approximate time interval of existence and modern-day location.
jueves, 11 de marzo de 2010
catholic monarch
Diplomaticia:Servicio de los Estados en sus relaciones internacionales.
Domestic policy:
dynasty:Familia en cuyos individuos se perpetúa el poder o la influencia política, económica, cultural, etc.
marriage alliance: Los estados hacian alianzas matrimoniales para que se unieran sus reinos.
holy brotherhood:is a judicial politice force, to fight against bandits and the abuses of the nobility.
tribunal of inquisicion:it prosecute heretics.the tribunal was known for its severe sentences and punishments.
conversos:were converts of religious and they were persecuted by the inquisition.
religious policy of the Catolhic Monarchs:they put the same religion in their kingdom.
Catholic Monarchs do things which benefited their kingdoms:no becouse when they order to put the same religion 80.000 people left in their kingdoms, but they conquered a lot of kingdoms.
controversial laws and institutions did they introduce:the most controvelsial law was the law of the inquisition tribunal becouse the put very severed punishments and sentences.
Your conclusión can include your personal point of view:I think they didn´t made the law of the only religion becouse they lost 80.000 people and the inquisition tribunal was very severed
Domestic policy:
dynasty:Familia en cuyos individuos se perpetúa el poder o la influencia política, económica, cultural, etc.
marriage alliance: Los estados hacian alianzas matrimoniales para que se unieran sus reinos.
holy brotherhood:is a judicial politice force, to fight against bandits and the abuses of the nobility.
tribunal of inquisicion:it prosecute heretics.the tribunal was known for its severe sentences and punishments.
conversos:were converts of religious and they were persecuted by the inquisition.
religious policy of the Catolhic Monarchs:they put the same religion in their kingdom.
Catholic Monarchs do things which benefited their kingdoms:no becouse when they order to put the same religion 80.000 people left in their kingdoms, but they conquered a lot of kingdoms.
controversial laws and institutions did they introduce:the most controvelsial law was the law of the inquisition tribunal becouse the put very severed punishments and sentences.
Your conclusión can include your personal point of view:I think they didn´t made the law of the only religion becouse they lost 80.000 people and the inquisition tribunal was very severed
henry VIII
Enrique VIII (28 de junio de 1491 – 28 de enero de 1547) fue rey de Inglaterra y señor de Irlanda desde el 22 de abril de 1509 hasta su muerte. Fue el segundo monarca de la casa Tudor, descendiente de su padre, Enrique VII. Famoso por haberse casado seis veces y por ejercer el poder más absoluto entre todos los monarcas ingleses. Entre los hechos más notables de su reinado se incluye su ruptura con la Iglesia Católica Romana, y su establecimiento como cabeza de la Iglesia de Inglaterra (Iglesia Anglicana), la disolución de los monasterios, y la unión de Inglaterra con Gales.
También promulgó legislaciones importantes, como las varias actas de separación con la Iglesia de Roma, de su designación como cabeza suprema de la Iglesia de Inglaterra, las Union Acts de 1535 y 1542, que unificaron a Inglaterra y Gales como una sola nación, la Buggery Act de 1533, primera legislación contra la sodomía en Inglaterra, la Witchcraft Act de 1542, que castigaba con la muerte la brujería.La protección que dispensó al pintor alemán Hans Holbein se tradujo en una formidable serie de retratos y dibujos a color, que efigian a muchos personajes de la Corte de aquella época. Destaca la efigie del propio Enrique VIII.
También promulgó legislaciones importantes, como las varias actas de separación con la Iglesia de Roma, de su designación como cabeza suprema de la Iglesia de Inglaterra, las Union Acts de 1535 y 1542, que unificaron a Inglaterra y Gales como una sola nación, la Buggery Act de 1533, primera legislación contra la sodomía en Inglaterra, la Witchcraft Act de 1542, que castigaba con la muerte la brujería.La protección que dispensó al pintor alemán Hans Holbein se tradujo en una formidable serie de retratos y dibujos a color, que efigian a muchos personajes de la Corte de aquella época. Destaca la efigie del propio Enrique VIII.
Bubonic Plague
Bubonic plague
black death orBubonic plague
Classification and external resources
A person infected with bubonic plague.
Bubonic plague is the best known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague.The term "bubonic plague" was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphathics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. Bubonic plague kills about half of infected patients in 3–7 days without treatment and may have been the cause of the black death that in the 1300s killing more than 25 million people, a third of the European population.
black death orBubonic plague
Classification and external resources
A person infected with bubonic plague.
Bubonic plague is the best known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague.The term "bubonic plague" was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphathics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. Bubonic plague kills about half of infected patients in 3–7 days without treatment and may have been the cause of the black death that in the 1300s killing more than 25 million people, a third of the European population.
jueves, 25 de febrero de 2010
vocabulario
Unit 5
Ummayad :was a muslim family that governed in al andalus
Caliphate of Damascus: was a caliphate in al andalus before the caliphate of cordoba
Caliphate of Cordoba:was a caliphate and in this governed abd al rahman 1 and 3.
it was very powerful
Al-Andalus:was the territory of the muslims
Jews: played a significant role in the economy. There were important their comunieties in toledo and other countries.Jewis districs were usually in a separate part of the city
Emirate:was a one governor what called emir.
Emir :was the person what gocerned the contry
Walis was the gorvernor controlled the provinces.
Visir :was the minister.
Hayib :was the prime minister.
Raids almanzur get money and prisioners, he carried out more the fifty raids.
Taifas :were small kingdoms
Parias :were taxes what the muslims paid it to avoid the muslims attack
Almoravids:were berbers wath went to iberia to help the muslims
Almohads :were berbers what help the muslims in the iberian peninsula.
Battle of Navas de Tolosa :where the battle what the muslims were defeat for the cristians in 1212
Nasrid Kingdom:were a weak muslim kingdom what were defeat for the catholic monarchs in 1492.
Dinar:were a coin wath were used the people were of gold
dirhen:were a silver coin.
Arabs:had th best land, and were in charge of goverment
berbers:were more numerous , but had fewer privileges, they sometimes rebelled
muladies:were former christians who adopted the religion, language and customs of islam.Some did this to avoid paying taxes.
mozarabs were christians who continued to practise their religion .As they were not muslims they paid taxes. After the 9 century, many emigrated to the northen kingdoms , to escape persecution
Medina:were a old city.
Aljama:were the main mosque.
Mosque:were a important building
Arrabales :it was workers or districs the craft workshops
Alcázar:the centre of political life was it.
Souk:it was the centre if the social and economic life.
Alhóndigas :it was warehouses
Averroes :was a muslim intellectual
Maimonides :was a jews intellectual
Horseshoe arches :was a tipe of arches.
Plasterwork :with it decorate the arches.
Unit 6
Reconquest :was the revenge of the christian kingdom
Kingdom of Asturias :in it the cristians formed a resistance
Kingdom of León:originated in the ranges of cantabria
Aragonese counties originated in the pirinees.
Catalan counties :originated in the pirinees
Pelayo :was the king what defeated the muslims in lthe battle of covadonga.
Battle of Covadonga :In this war the cristians defeat the muslims.
Alfonso III the greatest expasioncoincided with his reing
Fernán González:he divided castile in count
Spanish March :pyrinean region formed it
Carolingian Empire it was with the spanish march in the pyrinean region.
Sancho III the Great: was the king the navarre and was the powerful cristian king.
Wilfred the Hairy :was the king of the catalan counties.
Beatus :was a manuscriptwith beautiful paintings
Mozarabic art :emerged in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Mudejar art :emerged in the 12 century in sahagun.
Asturian art :developed in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Repopulation was when the peasants colonised the land and formaed small villages.
Fueros :it was the privileges of the kings give the towns
Military orders :the feudla estates gave it
Mudejars were muslims who remained in cristian territory
Alfonso VI he conquered toledo and the tajo river.
Ferdinand III :united the catile and leon and founded the crown of castile.
Cortes :were united for the politic people
Honourable Council of the Mesta :was a council of breed.
Alfonso I the Battler :was the first king of aragon
James I the Conqueror was the son of alfonso
Generalitat :in catalonia and valencia and the justicia.
Ummayad :was a muslim family that governed in al andalus
Caliphate of Damascus: was a caliphate in al andalus before the caliphate of cordoba
Caliphate of Cordoba:was a caliphate and in this governed abd al rahman 1 and 3.
it was very powerful
Al-Andalus:was the territory of the muslims
Jews: played a significant role in the economy. There were important their comunieties in toledo and other countries.Jewis districs were usually in a separate part of the city
Emirate:was a one governor what called emir.
Emir :was the person what gocerned the contry
Walis was the gorvernor controlled the provinces.
Visir :was the minister.
Hayib :was the prime minister.
Raids almanzur get money and prisioners, he carried out more the fifty raids.
Taifas :were small kingdoms
Parias :were taxes what the muslims paid it to avoid the muslims attack
Almoravids:were berbers wath went to iberia to help the muslims
Almohads :were berbers what help the muslims in the iberian peninsula.
Battle of Navas de Tolosa :where the battle what the muslims were defeat for the cristians in 1212
Nasrid Kingdom:were a weak muslim kingdom what were defeat for the catholic monarchs in 1492.
Dinar:were a coin wath were used the people were of gold
dirhen:were a silver coin.
Arabs:had th best land, and were in charge of goverment
berbers:were more numerous , but had fewer privileges, they sometimes rebelled
muladies:were former christians who adopted the religion, language and customs of islam.Some did this to avoid paying taxes.
mozarabs were christians who continued to practise their religion .As they were not muslims they paid taxes. After the 9 century, many emigrated to the northen kingdoms , to escape persecution
Medina:were a old city.
Aljama:were the main mosque.
Mosque:were a important building
Arrabales :it was workers or districs the craft workshops
Alcázar:the centre of political life was it.
Souk:it was the centre if the social and economic life.
Alhóndigas :it was warehouses
Averroes :was a muslim intellectual
Maimonides :was a jews intellectual
Horseshoe arches :was a tipe of arches.
Plasterwork :with it decorate the arches.
Unit 6
Reconquest :was the revenge of the christian kingdom
Kingdom of Asturias :in it the cristians formed a resistance
Kingdom of León:originated in the ranges of cantabria
Aragonese counties originated in the pirinees.
Catalan counties :originated in the pirinees
Pelayo :was the king what defeated the muslims in lthe battle of covadonga.
Battle of Covadonga :In this war the cristians defeat the muslims.
Alfonso III the greatest expasioncoincided with his reing
Fernán González:he divided castile in count
Spanish March :pyrinean region formed it
Carolingian Empire it was with the spanish march in the pyrinean region.
Sancho III the Great: was the king the navarre and was the powerful cristian king.
Wilfred the Hairy :was the king of the catalan counties.
Beatus :was a manuscriptwith beautiful paintings
Mozarabic art :emerged in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Mudejar art :emerged in the 12 century in sahagun.
Asturian art :developed in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Repopulation was when the peasants colonised the land and formaed small villages.
Fueros :it was the privileges of the kings give the towns
Military orders :the feudla estates gave it
Mudejars were muslims who remained in cristian territory
Alfonso VI he conquered toledo and the tajo river.
Ferdinand III :united the catile and leon and founded the crown of castile.
Cortes :were united for the politic people
Honourable Council of the Mesta :was a council of breed.
Alfonso I the Battler :was the first king of aragon
James I the Conqueror was the son of alfonso
Generalitat :in catalonia and valencia and the justicia.
lunes, 25 de enero de 2010
women in al-andalus
creo que las mujeres aunque todavía sigue pasando lo mismo, pero antes yo creo que antes se
aporvechaba mucho de ellas las explotaban etc...
las trataban como inferiores.
Estas tambien tenian muy poco poder politico.
estas siempre solian casarse y sino iba al monasterio a hacerse monjas.
Yo creo qu se habusaban demasiado de ellas ya que no merecian.
jueves, 21 de enero de 2010
jueves, 14 de enero de 2010
vovcabulario
Three year rotation: This was estabilised. This left only one third of the land fallow every day.
Mouldboard plough: Ploughed the soil more efficiently.
Hanseatic league: It was a merchants assotation that dominated the atlantic and baltic route.
Trade fairs : In it the merchants met.
Bills of exchange: Made it unnecesary to carry money.
Ghettoe: the jews lived in it.
Moorish: the islamic people lived in it.
City Council: it was directed by a manor.
Guilds: all artisans in the same profession joined a guild.
Master Craftsmen: they had their own workshops, the tools and the raw materials.
the work pass to fathe to son.
Journeymen: were very skilled craftsmen who recieved wages.
and worked for him for several years. They did not receive any payment.
Roman Law: gace much more power to the kings than the traditional law.
Parliaments:they were very diferents than the parlaments of today, the only people who were
represented were the king, the nobles , the clergy and the city mayors.
UNIT 4
Christianity:Was the main religion in europe
Christendom:were cristian territories.
Pilgrimage:the people pilgrimage to a holy place.
Tithe:the peasants pay a tithe it was a tenth of their harvest.
Barrel vault:was a architect element in the romanesque architecture.
Buttress:we can see otside the romanesque church
Transept:the shorter arm in the Latin cross.
Lent:
Altarpieces:they were used for panel painting.
Mural Painting:was commom on walls, especially in the main apse near the altar.
Panel Painting:was used on altars and small altarpieces.
Convents:new religious orders were started by friars, who lived in convents in the cities.
University:developed from cathedral schools.both teachers and students wanted to escape from
the control of the church.
Gargoyles:were sculped on the outside of cathedrals.
Stained glass:the mural painting was replaced by large stained glass.was in gothic church.
Rib vault: were used in the gothic architecture.it weight not rest on the walls.
Flying buttress:was in the outside of the cathedral.
Rose windows:had bright colours.
the central nave was much higher and wider than the side aisles.
Capitel:were decorated
Pinnacle:it was in the tower of the gothic church.
jueves, 26 de noviembre de 2009
cruzadas
Cruzadas
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Saltar a navegación, búsqueda
Para otros usos de este término, véase cruzado.
El asedio de Antioquía, de una miniatura medieval, durante la primera cruzada.
Las cruzadas fueron una serie de campañas militares comúnmente hechas a petición del Papado, y que tuvieron lugar entre los siglos XI y XIII, contra los turcos selyúcidas y sarracenos (llamados así los musulmanes) para la reconquista de Tierra Santa.
Caballeros de la quinta cruzada llegan al fuerte de Damietta
Básicamente, parece que fueron motivadas por los intereses expansionistas de la nobleza feudal, el control del comercio con Asia y el afán hegemónico del papado sobre las monarquías y las iglesias de Oriente, aunque se declararan con principio y objeto de recuperar Tierra Santa para los peregrinos, de los cuales los turcos selyúcidas, una vez conquistada Jerusalén, abusaban sin piedad.
Posiblemente, las motivaciones de quienes participaban en ellas fueron muy diversas, aunque en muchos casos se puede suponer también un verdadero fervor religioso.
Las Cruzadas fueron expediciones emprendidas en cumplimiento de un solemne voto para liberar los Lugares Santos de la dominación musulmana. El origen de la palabra se remonta a la cruz hecha de tela y usada como insignia en la ropa exterior de los que tomaron parte en esas iniciativas.
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Saltar a navegación, búsqueda
Para otros usos de este término, véase cruzado.
El asedio de Antioquía, de una miniatura medieval, durante la primera cruzada.
Las cruzadas fueron una serie de campañas militares comúnmente hechas a petición del Papado, y que tuvieron lugar entre los siglos XI y XIII, contra los turcos selyúcidas y sarracenos (llamados así los musulmanes) para la reconquista de Tierra Santa.
Caballeros de la quinta cruzada llegan al fuerte de Damietta
Básicamente, parece que fueron motivadas por los intereses expansionistas de la nobleza feudal, el control del comercio con Asia y el afán hegemónico del papado sobre las monarquías y las iglesias de Oriente, aunque se declararan con principio y objeto de recuperar Tierra Santa para los peregrinos, de los cuales los turcos selyúcidas, una vez conquistada Jerusalén, abusaban sin piedad.
Posiblemente, las motivaciones de quienes participaban en ellas fueron muy diversas, aunque en muchos casos se puede suponer también un verdadero fervor religioso.
Las Cruzadas fueron expediciones emprendidas en cumplimiento de un solemne voto para liberar los Lugares Santos de la dominación musulmana. El origen de la palabra se remonta a la cruz hecha de tela y usada como insignia en la ropa exterior de los que tomaron parte en esas iniciativas.
jueves, 5 de noviembre de 2009
el proceso del pan en la edad media
Bread in the Middle Ages
They began to catch the wheath.
As mentioned above, bread and the art of baking were exported from Egypt and across the Roman Empire. During the early Middle Ages (5th Century) the Roman Empire started to break down but baking had already been embedded in Europe and even spread to Asia. The Vikings made bread mainly from Rye grains, which produces a dense, hard bread.
Circular loaves were often made with a hole in the middle allowing bread to be hung from a pole or rope.
Commonly, Kings, Princes and large households would have their own staff whose only duty would be baking. There were public bakeries, normally owned by the local land lord, where the poorer people brought their bread to be baked communally, and later where they could buy ready-baked bread.
It was the job of the housewives to bring their dough to the baker, who would then bake it into bread.
Medieval bread was very similar to the loaf we know today. According to historic sources, the taste was comparable to modern wholemeal bread made from stone-ground flour. Unfortunately very few original bread recipes have survived the passing of time. It can be presumed that as bread was such a staple part of the medieval diet, it was not considered necessary to include it in recipe books.
Some bakers used their positions to take advantage of their customers and had trap doors that would allow a small boy to pinch off a bit of the dough to later sell off as his own.
In England in the 13th Century practices like these led to a regulation known as the Assize of Bread and Ale.
This regulation regulated the price, weight and quality of the bread and beer manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets and also laid out harsh punishments for brewers and bakers who were caught cheating.
In response, bakers commonly threw in an extra loaf of bread; this tradition lives on today in the modern "baker's dozen."
Nowadays it’s possible for anyone to become a Baker, all you need to do is go to a proper Baking School or opening a shop.
In Medieval times it was much harder and there were often apprenticeships which took 7 years. There were statutes to keep these rules in place and it preserved the art of baking.
There are a number of accounts of apparently 'different' breads from the Middle Ages. These included flat round loaves, round bread rolls, and famously ‘trencher bread’. The word trencher comes from the French verb trenchier or trancher’ which means "to cut".
Trencher Bread
It’s thought that trencher bread was more commonly served at feasts, where a person of substance was paying the bill.
For the wealthier host, bread trenchers were relatively cheap and had the bonus for of being easy to prepare and use.
Meat with sauce was served directly onto the bread platter, which had a shallow hollow or ‘trench’ cut into the bread to retain any gravy or juices, the plate could then be eaten along with the meal.
This became less common in the 16th Century and was replaced by a wooden bowl, with a circular hollow of about 6” in diameter.
The Assize of Bread and Ale was in place until the start of the 19th century, and was then abolished in London.
They began to catch the wheath.
As mentioned above, bread and the art of baking were exported from Egypt and across the Roman Empire. During the early Middle Ages (5th Century) the Roman Empire started to break down but baking had already been embedded in Europe and even spread to Asia. The Vikings made bread mainly from Rye grains, which produces a dense, hard bread.
Circular loaves were often made with a hole in the middle allowing bread to be hung from a pole or rope.
Commonly, Kings, Princes and large households would have their own staff whose only duty would be baking. There were public bakeries, normally owned by the local land lord, where the poorer people brought their bread to be baked communally, and later where they could buy ready-baked bread.
It was the job of the housewives to bring their dough to the baker, who would then bake it into bread.
Medieval bread was very similar to the loaf we know today. According to historic sources, the taste was comparable to modern wholemeal bread made from stone-ground flour. Unfortunately very few original bread recipes have survived the passing of time. It can be presumed that as bread was such a staple part of the medieval diet, it was not considered necessary to include it in recipe books.
Some bakers used their positions to take advantage of their customers and had trap doors that would allow a small boy to pinch off a bit of the dough to later sell off as his own.
In England in the 13th Century practices like these led to a regulation known as the Assize of Bread and Ale.
This regulation regulated the price, weight and quality of the bread and beer manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets and also laid out harsh punishments for brewers and bakers who were caught cheating.
In response, bakers commonly threw in an extra loaf of bread; this tradition lives on today in the modern "baker's dozen."
Nowadays it’s possible for anyone to become a Baker, all you need to do is go to a proper Baking School or opening a shop.
In Medieval times it was much harder and there were often apprenticeships which took 7 years. There were statutes to keep these rules in place and it preserved the art of baking.
There are a number of accounts of apparently 'different' breads from the Middle Ages. These included flat round loaves, round bread rolls, and famously ‘trencher bread’. The word trencher comes from the French verb trenchier or trancher’ which means "to cut".
Trencher Bread
It’s thought that trencher bread was more commonly served at feasts, where a person of substance was paying the bill.
For the wealthier host, bread trenchers were relatively cheap and had the bonus for of being easy to prepare and use.
Meat with sauce was served directly onto the bread platter, which had a shallow hollow or ‘trench’ cut into the bread to retain any gravy or juices, the plate could then be eaten along with the meal.
This became less common in the 16th Century and was replaced by a wooden bowl, with a circular hollow of about 6” in diameter.
The Assize of Bread and Ale was in place until the start of the 19th century, and was then abolished in London.
jueves, 29 de octubre de 2009
guillermo el conquistador
Guillermo I Rey de Inglaterra, más conocido como Guillermo el Conquistador, nació en 1027 ó 1028. Hijo del Duque de Normandía Roberto I, llamado también "Roberto el diablo" ó "Roberto el magnífico." Guillermo fue el fruto de una relación fogosa entre el duque su padre, y la hija de unos curtidores. Ella se llamaba Herleva fitz Courtanneur, aunque se la recuerda popularmente como "La Belle Arlette"
Algunos años después, "rompió" Arlette su relación con Roberto, y contrajo matrimonio con un vizconde (el cual, pudiera haber desempeñado un role de tapadera). Ambos, en este matrimonio, tuvieron juntos cuatro hijos; entre ellos había uno llamado "Odo de Bayeux", quien más tarde sería hombre de confianza de Guillermo, y uno de sus mejores consejeros. Adelaida Hermana de Guillermo fue bella doncella y llegó a esposar hasta tres condes durante su vida adulta.
Cuando Guillermo rondaba los 8 años, su padre decidió ir en peregrinaje a Jerusalén. Antes de marcharse, Roberto convocó a sus vasallos y una vez en asamblea, les ordenó jurar fidelidad a su hijo Guillermo. Los hombres obedecieron murmurando. Quizás Roberto no esperaba volver de Tierra Santa; si esto fue así, él tenía razón. Roberto murió durante su viaje, y su hijo ilegítimo se transformó en el nuevo Duque de Normandía. Es decir, Guillermo II.
Los "Barones" de Roberto se olvidaron rápidamente de su voto de lealtad, para con Guillermo. Cuando no luchaban entre ellos mismos, trataban de eliminar al joven duque. En primer lugar fue asesinado un guarda-espaldas de Guillermo, llamado Gilberto de Brionne. También mataron a su tío Osborn, hermano de Arlette, mientras protegía a Guillermo de unos secuestradores que habían invadido el dormitorio del muchacho. Asesinaron de la misma manera al preceptor o profesor particular de Guillermo.
No asombrados, los partidarios de Guillermo decidieron enviarle lejos de su hogar para facilitar su protección. Tío Walter, hermano de Arlette y de Osborn, en una obscura noche despertó a Guillermo y le sacó del castillo escondido en un carromato lleno de cadáveres (llamado los muertos de la noche) burlando así la guardia. Nadie supo donde permaneció Guillermo escondido, salvo la familia de su madre.
Guillermo creció alto y fuerte, como la mayoría de los muchachos de esos tiempos. A la edad de 15 años, se le hizo Caballero, y cuando cumplió los 19 ó 20, Guillermo fue a guerrear contra su primo Guy de Borgoña para defender sus derechos hereditarios. Con la ayuda de rey francés Enrique I, Guillermo pudo derrotar a Guy , forzando a continuación a los rebeldes a jurarle lealtad para siempre. Pero las batallas campales de "Guillermo el Bastardo," - así le apelaban sus enemigos - estaban lejos de terminar. Guillermo luchaba siempre contra alguien, incluso su aliado y protector el rey de Francia, entró en batalla contra él, y el joven Guillermo atacó sin piedad al cercado rey Enrique I, causándole a éste, enormes daños y pérdidas en su ejército. El rey a partir de entonces tomó grandes precauciones respecto a Guillermo, dícese preso de un profundo temor.
La Esposa De Guillermo
Cuando Guillermo llegó a sus años 20 pidió al conde Baldwin V de Flandes la mano de su hija Matilda en matrimonio; mas ella ya estaba enamorada de un inglés llamado Brihtric. Se dice que la hija del conde proclamó en voz alta que preferiría ser monja antes que la esposa de un bastardo. Guillermo se sintió tan furioso y herido en su orgullo que la abofeteó en plena calle, después la rasgó sus vestiduras, lanzándola al suelo, donde rodó una cuesta con ella.
No fue un comienzo muy propicio aquella unión, con todo Guillermo y Matilda se casaron, y parece ser que fueron absolutamente felices juntos. También se cuenta que Guillermo era alto y recio, aunque con los años engordó mucho, mientras que Matilda fue siempre pequeña- casi una enana - y delgada. Tuvieron al menos cuatro hijos y cinco hijas. Por cierto que el Papa, desde Roma, se opuso a la unión de Guillermo con Matilda, pues eran primos lejanos. Durante un tiempo fueron excomulgados junto con sus vasallos y toda la población plebeya de Normandía. Aunque después de varios años el Papa levantó el castigo y los admitió de nuevo en la Iglesia a cambio de construir dos abadías para el clero.
Guillermo en 1051 decidió visitar al rey de Inglaterra, Eduardo el Confesor. Edward había crecido en Normandía, y además eran primos entre sí. El "Confesor" era un hombre muy religioso que presumiblemente tenía el don de curar. Sus criados guardaban el agua de su baño para darla a la gente enferma que la bebía, o ponía sobre los ojos enfermos para recuperar la vista. Cien años después de su muerte, Eduardo fue santificado por la Iglesia Católica.
Aunque Guillermo tenía ya una joven esposa, Eduardo era soltero y por lo tanto sin hijos. Durante la visita le prometió a Guillermo hacerle su heredero al trono de Inglaterra - o al menos, eso es lo que Guillermo pidió.
luchó.
Algunos años después, "rompió" Arlette su relación con Roberto, y contrajo matrimonio con un vizconde (el cual, pudiera haber desempeñado un role de tapadera). Ambos, en este matrimonio, tuvieron juntos cuatro hijos; entre ellos había uno llamado "Odo de Bayeux", quien más tarde sería hombre de confianza de Guillermo, y uno de sus mejores consejeros. Adelaida Hermana de Guillermo fue bella doncella y llegó a esposar hasta tres condes durante su vida adulta.
Cuando Guillermo rondaba los 8 años, su padre decidió ir en peregrinaje a Jerusalén. Antes de marcharse, Roberto convocó a sus vasallos y una vez en asamblea, les ordenó jurar fidelidad a su hijo Guillermo. Los hombres obedecieron murmurando. Quizás Roberto no esperaba volver de Tierra Santa; si esto fue así, él tenía razón. Roberto murió durante su viaje, y su hijo ilegítimo se transformó en el nuevo Duque de Normandía. Es decir, Guillermo II.
Los "Barones" de Roberto se olvidaron rápidamente de su voto de lealtad, para con Guillermo. Cuando no luchaban entre ellos mismos, trataban de eliminar al joven duque. En primer lugar fue asesinado un guarda-espaldas de Guillermo, llamado Gilberto de Brionne. También mataron a su tío Osborn, hermano de Arlette, mientras protegía a Guillermo de unos secuestradores que habían invadido el dormitorio del muchacho. Asesinaron de la misma manera al preceptor o profesor particular de Guillermo.
No asombrados, los partidarios de Guillermo decidieron enviarle lejos de su hogar para facilitar su protección. Tío Walter, hermano de Arlette y de Osborn, en una obscura noche despertó a Guillermo y le sacó del castillo escondido en un carromato lleno de cadáveres (llamado los muertos de la noche) burlando así la guardia. Nadie supo donde permaneció Guillermo escondido, salvo la familia de su madre.
Guillermo creció alto y fuerte, como la mayoría de los muchachos de esos tiempos. A la edad de 15 años, se le hizo Caballero, y cuando cumplió los 19 ó 20, Guillermo fue a guerrear contra su primo Guy de Borgoña para defender sus derechos hereditarios. Con la ayuda de rey francés Enrique I, Guillermo pudo derrotar a Guy , forzando a continuación a los rebeldes a jurarle lealtad para siempre. Pero las batallas campales de "Guillermo el Bastardo," - así le apelaban sus enemigos - estaban lejos de terminar. Guillermo luchaba siempre contra alguien, incluso su aliado y protector el rey de Francia, entró en batalla contra él, y el joven Guillermo atacó sin piedad al cercado rey Enrique I, causándole a éste, enormes daños y pérdidas en su ejército. El rey a partir de entonces tomó grandes precauciones respecto a Guillermo, dícese preso de un profundo temor.
La Esposa De Guillermo
Cuando Guillermo llegó a sus años 20 pidió al conde Baldwin V de Flandes la mano de su hija Matilda en matrimonio; mas ella ya estaba enamorada de un inglés llamado Brihtric. Se dice que la hija del conde proclamó en voz alta que preferiría ser monja antes que la esposa de un bastardo. Guillermo se sintió tan furioso y herido en su orgullo que la abofeteó en plena calle, después la rasgó sus vestiduras, lanzándola al suelo, donde rodó una cuesta con ella.
No fue un comienzo muy propicio aquella unión, con todo Guillermo y Matilda se casaron, y parece ser que fueron absolutamente felices juntos. También se cuenta que Guillermo era alto y recio, aunque con los años engordó mucho, mientras que Matilda fue siempre pequeña- casi una enana - y delgada. Tuvieron al menos cuatro hijos y cinco hijas. Por cierto que el Papa, desde Roma, se opuso a la unión de Guillermo con Matilda, pues eran primos lejanos. Durante un tiempo fueron excomulgados junto con sus vasallos y toda la población plebeya de Normandía. Aunque después de varios años el Papa levantó el castigo y los admitió de nuevo en la Iglesia a cambio de construir dos abadías para el clero.
Guillermo en 1051 decidió visitar al rey de Inglaterra, Eduardo el Confesor. Edward había crecido en Normandía, y además eran primos entre sí. El "Confesor" era un hombre muy religioso que presumiblemente tenía el don de curar. Sus criados guardaban el agua de su baño para darla a la gente enferma que la bebía, o ponía sobre los ojos enfermos para recuperar la vista. Cien años después de su muerte, Eduardo fue santificado por la Iglesia Católica.
Aunque Guillermo tenía ya una joven esposa, Eduardo era soltero y por lo tanto sin hijos. Durante la visita le prometió a Guillermo hacerle su heredero al trono de Inglaterra - o al menos, eso es lo que Guillermo pidió.
luchó.
DIFUCULTAD DE APODERARSE DE UN CASTILLO Y MEJORAR LAS ARMAS
Es muy dificil pues tienes que tener tropas y un ariete o cosas parecidas para poder hacer esto pues en los castillos de la edad media tenian una muralla y ademas unas torres en las se situaban los arqueros de estos una gran muralla y puentes levadizos,y en el caso de que entrases tenias que derrotar a un ejercito.
Despues de esto al menos que haya resultado muy eficaz tendrias problemas economicos entonzes recurririas a los herreros pero estaria la cosa muy dificil ademas no tendrias muchos guerreros pues tras una conquista es lo que sucede.
Despues de esto al menos que haya resultado muy eficaz tendrias problemas economicos entonzes recurririas a los herreros pero estaria la cosa muy dificil ademas no tendrias muchos guerreros pues tras una conquista es lo que sucede.
jueves, 15 de octubre de 2009
Palacio de Aquisgrán
El Palacio de Aquisgrán era todo un conjunto de edificaciones de tipo residencial, político y religioso, que fue erigido por el emperador Carlomagno como centro del poder carolingio. El palacio en cuestión se hallaba ubicado en la actual ciudad de Aquisgrán, en el oeste de Alemania, en el actual estado federado de Renania del Norte-Westfalia. Las partes esenciales del palacio carolingio fueron construidas en la última década del siglo VIII, pero los trabajos tuvieron continuidad hasta la muerte del propio emperador Carlomagno, en el año 814.
Quien diseñó los planos del Palacio fue Eudes de Metz, inscribiendo la obra dentro del programa de renovación política del reino, anhelada y estimulada por el propio emperador Carlomagno.
La mayor parte del Palacio quedó destruido a lo largo de los siglos, pero todavía subsiste la capilla palatina, que está considerada como uno de los tesoros de la arquitectura carolingia, así como un característico ejemplo de la arquitectura típica del llamado Renacimiento carolingio. La capilla, junto a la Catedral de Aquisgrán, está catalogada por la Unesco como Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
Quien diseñó los planos del Palacio fue Eudes de Metz, inscribiendo la obra dentro del programa de renovación política del reino, anhelada y estimulada por el propio emperador Carlomagno.
La mayor parte del Palacio quedó destruido a lo largo de los siglos, pero todavía subsiste la capilla palatina, que está considerada como uno de los tesoros de la arquitectura carolingia, así como un característico ejemplo de la arquitectura típica del llamado Renacimiento carolingio. La capilla, junto a la Catedral de Aquisgrán, está catalogada por la Unesco como Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
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