Unit 5
Ummayad :was a muslim family that governed in al andalus
Caliphate of Damascus: was a caliphate in al andalus before the caliphate of cordoba
Caliphate of Cordoba:was a caliphate and in this governed abd al rahman 1 and 3.
it was very powerful
Al-Andalus:was the territory of the muslims
Jews: played a significant role in the economy. There were important their comunieties in toledo and other countries.Jewis districs were usually in a separate part of the city
Emirate:was a one governor what called emir.
Emir :was the person what gocerned the contry
Walis was the gorvernor controlled the provinces.
Visir :was the minister.
Hayib :was the prime minister.
Raids almanzur get money and prisioners, he carried out more the fifty raids.
Taifas :were small kingdoms
Parias :were taxes what the muslims paid it to avoid the muslims attack
Almoravids:were berbers wath went to iberia to help the muslims
Almohads :were berbers what help the muslims in the iberian peninsula.
Battle of Navas de Tolosa :where the battle what the muslims were defeat for the cristians in 1212
Nasrid Kingdom:were a weak muslim kingdom what were defeat for the catholic monarchs in 1492.
Dinar:were a coin wath were used the people were of gold
dirhen:were a silver coin.
Arabs:had th best land, and were in charge of goverment
berbers:were more numerous , but had fewer privileges, they sometimes rebelled
muladies:were former christians who adopted the religion, language and customs of islam.Some did this to avoid paying taxes.
mozarabs were christians who continued to practise their religion .As they were not muslims they paid taxes. After the 9 century, many emigrated to the northen kingdoms , to escape persecution
Medina:were a old city.
Aljama:were the main mosque.
Mosque:were a important building
Arrabales :it was workers or districs the craft workshops
Alcázar:the centre of political life was it.
Souk:it was the centre if the social and economic life.
Alhóndigas :it was warehouses
Averroes :was a muslim intellectual
Maimonides :was a jews intellectual
Horseshoe arches :was a tipe of arches.
Plasterwork :with it decorate the arches.
Unit 6
Reconquest :was the revenge of the christian kingdom
Kingdom of Asturias :in it the cristians formed a resistance
Kingdom of León:originated in the ranges of cantabria
Aragonese counties originated in the pirinees.
Catalan counties :originated in the pirinees
Pelayo :was the king what defeated the muslims in lthe battle of covadonga.
Battle of Covadonga :In this war the cristians defeat the muslims.
Alfonso III the greatest expasioncoincided with his reing
Fernán González:he divided castile in count
Spanish March :pyrinean region formed it
Carolingian Empire it was with the spanish march in the pyrinean region.
Sancho III the Great: was the king the navarre and was the powerful cristian king.
Wilfred the Hairy :was the king of the catalan counties.
Beatus :was a manuscriptwith beautiful paintings
Mozarabic art :emerged in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Mudejar art :emerged in the 12 century in sahagun.
Asturian art :developed in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Repopulation was when the peasants colonised the land and formaed small villages.
Fueros :it was the privileges of the kings give the towns
Military orders :the feudla estates gave it
Mudejars were muslims who remained in cristian territory
Alfonso VI he conquered toledo and the tajo river.
Ferdinand III :united the catile and leon and founded the crown of castile.
Cortes :were united for the politic people
Honourable Council of the Mesta :was a council of breed.
Alfonso I the Battler :was the first king of aragon
James I the Conqueror was the son of alfonso
Generalitat :in catalonia and valencia and the justicia.
jueves, 25 de febrero de 2010
lunes, 25 de enero de 2010
women in al-andalus
creo que las mujeres aunque todavía sigue pasando lo mismo, pero antes yo creo que antes se
aporvechaba mucho de ellas las explotaban etc...
las trataban como inferiores.
Estas tambien tenian muy poco poder politico.
estas siempre solian casarse y sino iba al monasterio a hacerse monjas.
Yo creo qu se habusaban demasiado de ellas ya que no merecian.
jueves, 21 de enero de 2010
jueves, 14 de enero de 2010
vovcabulario
Three year rotation: This was estabilised. This left only one third of the land fallow every day.
Mouldboard plough: Ploughed the soil more efficiently.
Hanseatic league: It was a merchants assotation that dominated the atlantic and baltic route.
Trade fairs : In it the merchants met.
Bills of exchange: Made it unnecesary to carry money.
Ghettoe: the jews lived in it.
Moorish: the islamic people lived in it.
City Council: it was directed by a manor.
Guilds: all artisans in the same profession joined a guild.
Master Craftsmen: they had their own workshops, the tools and the raw materials.
the work pass to fathe to son.
Journeymen: were very skilled craftsmen who recieved wages.
and worked for him for several years. They did not receive any payment.
Roman Law: gace much more power to the kings than the traditional law.
Parliaments:they were very diferents than the parlaments of today, the only people who were
represented were the king, the nobles , the clergy and the city mayors.
UNIT 4
Christianity:Was the main religion in europe
Christendom:were cristian territories.
Pilgrimage:the people pilgrimage to a holy place.
Tithe:the peasants pay a tithe it was a tenth of their harvest.
Barrel vault:was a architect element in the romanesque architecture.
Buttress:we can see otside the romanesque church
Transept:the shorter arm in the Latin cross.
Lent:
Altarpieces:they were used for panel painting.
Mural Painting:was commom on walls, especially in the main apse near the altar.
Panel Painting:was used on altars and small altarpieces.
Convents:new religious orders were started by friars, who lived in convents in the cities.
University:developed from cathedral schools.both teachers and students wanted to escape from
the control of the church.
Gargoyles:were sculped on the outside of cathedrals.
Stained glass:the mural painting was replaced by large stained glass.was in gothic church.
Rib vault: were used in the gothic architecture.it weight not rest on the walls.
Flying buttress:was in the outside of the cathedral.
Rose windows:had bright colours.
the central nave was much higher and wider than the side aisles.
Capitel:were decorated
Pinnacle:it was in the tower of the gothic church.
jueves, 26 de noviembre de 2009
cruzadas
Cruzadas
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Saltar a navegación, búsqueda
Para otros usos de este término, véase cruzado.
El asedio de Antioquía, de una miniatura medieval, durante la primera cruzada.
Las cruzadas fueron una serie de campañas militares comúnmente hechas a petición del Papado, y que tuvieron lugar entre los siglos XI y XIII, contra los turcos selyúcidas y sarracenos (llamados así los musulmanes) para la reconquista de Tierra Santa.
Caballeros de la quinta cruzada llegan al fuerte de Damietta
Básicamente, parece que fueron motivadas por los intereses expansionistas de la nobleza feudal, el control del comercio con Asia y el afán hegemónico del papado sobre las monarquías y las iglesias de Oriente, aunque se declararan con principio y objeto de recuperar Tierra Santa para los peregrinos, de los cuales los turcos selyúcidas, una vez conquistada Jerusalén, abusaban sin piedad.
Posiblemente, las motivaciones de quienes participaban en ellas fueron muy diversas, aunque en muchos casos se puede suponer también un verdadero fervor religioso.
Las Cruzadas fueron expediciones emprendidas en cumplimiento de un solemne voto para liberar los Lugares Santos de la dominación musulmana. El origen de la palabra se remonta a la cruz hecha de tela y usada como insignia en la ropa exterior de los que tomaron parte en esas iniciativas.
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
Saltar a navegación, búsqueda
Para otros usos de este término, véase cruzado.
El asedio de Antioquía, de una miniatura medieval, durante la primera cruzada.
Las cruzadas fueron una serie de campañas militares comúnmente hechas a petición del Papado, y que tuvieron lugar entre los siglos XI y XIII, contra los turcos selyúcidas y sarracenos (llamados así los musulmanes) para la reconquista de Tierra Santa.
Caballeros de la quinta cruzada llegan al fuerte de Damietta
Básicamente, parece que fueron motivadas por los intereses expansionistas de la nobleza feudal, el control del comercio con Asia y el afán hegemónico del papado sobre las monarquías y las iglesias de Oriente, aunque se declararan con principio y objeto de recuperar Tierra Santa para los peregrinos, de los cuales los turcos selyúcidas, una vez conquistada Jerusalén, abusaban sin piedad.
Posiblemente, las motivaciones de quienes participaban en ellas fueron muy diversas, aunque en muchos casos se puede suponer también un verdadero fervor religioso.
Las Cruzadas fueron expediciones emprendidas en cumplimiento de un solemne voto para liberar los Lugares Santos de la dominación musulmana. El origen de la palabra se remonta a la cruz hecha de tela y usada como insignia en la ropa exterior de los que tomaron parte en esas iniciativas.
jueves, 5 de noviembre de 2009
el proceso del pan en la edad media
Bread in the Middle Ages
They began to catch the wheath.
As mentioned above, bread and the art of baking were exported from Egypt and across the Roman Empire. During the early Middle Ages (5th Century) the Roman Empire started to break down but baking had already been embedded in Europe and even spread to Asia. The Vikings made bread mainly from Rye grains, which produces a dense, hard bread.
Circular loaves were often made with a hole in the middle allowing bread to be hung from a pole or rope.
Commonly, Kings, Princes and large households would have their own staff whose only duty would be baking. There were public bakeries, normally owned by the local land lord, where the poorer people brought their bread to be baked communally, and later where they could buy ready-baked bread.
It was the job of the housewives to bring their dough to the baker, who would then bake it into bread.
Medieval bread was very similar to the loaf we know today. According to historic sources, the taste was comparable to modern wholemeal bread made from stone-ground flour. Unfortunately very few original bread recipes have survived the passing of time. It can be presumed that as bread was such a staple part of the medieval diet, it was not considered necessary to include it in recipe books.
Some bakers used their positions to take advantage of their customers and had trap doors that would allow a small boy to pinch off a bit of the dough to later sell off as his own.
In England in the 13th Century practices like these led to a regulation known as the Assize of Bread and Ale.
This regulation regulated the price, weight and quality of the bread and beer manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets and also laid out harsh punishments for brewers and bakers who were caught cheating.
In response, bakers commonly threw in an extra loaf of bread; this tradition lives on today in the modern "baker's dozen."
Nowadays it’s possible for anyone to become a Baker, all you need to do is go to a proper Baking School or opening a shop.
In Medieval times it was much harder and there were often apprenticeships which took 7 years. There were statutes to keep these rules in place and it preserved the art of baking.
There are a number of accounts of apparently 'different' breads from the Middle Ages. These included flat round loaves, round bread rolls, and famously ‘trencher bread’. The word trencher comes from the French verb trenchier or trancher’ which means "to cut".
Trencher Bread
It’s thought that trencher bread was more commonly served at feasts, where a person of substance was paying the bill.
For the wealthier host, bread trenchers were relatively cheap and had the bonus for of being easy to prepare and use.
Meat with sauce was served directly onto the bread platter, which had a shallow hollow or ‘trench’ cut into the bread to retain any gravy or juices, the plate could then be eaten along with the meal.
This became less common in the 16th Century and was replaced by a wooden bowl, with a circular hollow of about 6” in diameter.
The Assize of Bread and Ale was in place until the start of the 19th century, and was then abolished in London.
They began to catch the wheath.
As mentioned above, bread and the art of baking were exported from Egypt and across the Roman Empire. During the early Middle Ages (5th Century) the Roman Empire started to break down but baking had already been embedded in Europe and even spread to Asia. The Vikings made bread mainly from Rye grains, which produces a dense, hard bread.
Circular loaves were often made with a hole in the middle allowing bread to be hung from a pole or rope.
Commonly, Kings, Princes and large households would have their own staff whose only duty would be baking. There were public bakeries, normally owned by the local land lord, where the poorer people brought their bread to be baked communally, and later where they could buy ready-baked bread.
It was the job of the housewives to bring their dough to the baker, who would then bake it into bread.
Medieval bread was very similar to the loaf we know today. According to historic sources, the taste was comparable to modern wholemeal bread made from stone-ground flour. Unfortunately very few original bread recipes have survived the passing of time. It can be presumed that as bread was such a staple part of the medieval diet, it was not considered necessary to include it in recipe books.
Some bakers used their positions to take advantage of their customers and had trap doors that would allow a small boy to pinch off a bit of the dough to later sell off as his own.
In England in the 13th Century practices like these led to a regulation known as the Assize of Bread and Ale.
This regulation regulated the price, weight and quality of the bread and beer manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets and also laid out harsh punishments for brewers and bakers who were caught cheating.
In response, bakers commonly threw in an extra loaf of bread; this tradition lives on today in the modern "baker's dozen."
Nowadays it’s possible for anyone to become a Baker, all you need to do is go to a proper Baking School or opening a shop.
In Medieval times it was much harder and there were often apprenticeships which took 7 years. There were statutes to keep these rules in place and it preserved the art of baking.
There are a number of accounts of apparently 'different' breads from the Middle Ages. These included flat round loaves, round bread rolls, and famously ‘trencher bread’. The word trencher comes from the French verb trenchier or trancher’ which means "to cut".
Trencher Bread
It’s thought that trencher bread was more commonly served at feasts, where a person of substance was paying the bill.
For the wealthier host, bread trenchers were relatively cheap and had the bonus for of being easy to prepare and use.
Meat with sauce was served directly onto the bread platter, which had a shallow hollow or ‘trench’ cut into the bread to retain any gravy or juices, the plate could then be eaten along with the meal.
This became less common in the 16th Century and was replaced by a wooden bowl, with a circular hollow of about 6” in diameter.
The Assize of Bread and Ale was in place until the start of the 19th century, and was then abolished in London.
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