el viaje de marco polo

Marco Polo fue un mercader y explorador veneciano que, junto con su padre y su tío, estuvo entre los primeros occidentales que viajaron por la ruta de la seda a china. Se dice que introdujo la pólvora en Europa, aunque la primera vez que se utilizó en Occidente acaeció en la batalla de Niebla en 1262.
Los Polo (Marco, su padre y su tío) vivieron allí supuestamente durante diecisiete años antes de volver a Venecia. Tras su regreso, Marco Polo contaba a la sazón 41 años y comandaba una galera veneciana el día en que se libró, ante los muros de Korcula, en Croacia, una batalla naval contra la gran rival de Venecia, la república de Génova, en 1298. Los genoveses apresaron a Marco Polo, lo llevaron a Génova y allí, en la prisión, Polo dictó a un tal Rustichello de Pisa las memorias de su viaje fabuloso hasta Catai y el regreso por Malaca, Ceilán, la India y Persia. Rustichello redactó en un dialecto franco-véneto el libro conocido como Il Milione acerca de sus viajes. El libro se llamó originalmente Divisament du monde ,pero se popularizó como Libro de las maravillas del mundo y, más tarde, como Il Milione. Es creencia general que tal nombre vino de la tendencia del autor a referirse a grandes cantidades; "millones" pero es más probable que derivase de su propio nombre "Emilione", abreviado en Milione.

Pre-Columbian civilizatión

they live in south america.
This list of pre-Columbian civilizations includes those civilitations and cultures of the americaas which flourished prior to the european colonization in the americas. These Pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics such as permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies.
Many of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals and are known only through archaelogical investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few (such as the Maya) had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time largely viewed such text as heretical and few survived Christian pyres. Only a few hidden documents remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
From both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter possessed many impressive feats such as the most populous city in the world as well as modern theory of astronomy and mathematics.
Where they persist, the societies and cultures which gave rise to these civilizations may now be substantively different in form to that of the original. However, many of these peoples and their descendants still uphold various traditions and practices which relate back to these earlier times, even if combined with those more recently-adopted.
The cultures are listed alphabetically, with the approximate time interval of existence and modern-day location.

catholic monarch

Diplomaticia:Servicio de los Estados en sus relaciones internacionales.

Domestic policy:

dynasty:Familia en cuyos individuos se perpetúa el poder o la influencia política, económica, cultural, etc.

marriage alliance: Los estados hacian alianzas matrimoniales para que se unieran sus reinos.

holy brotherhood:is a judicial politice force, to fight against bandits and the abuses of the nobility.

tribunal of inquisicion:it prosecute heretics.the tribunal was known for its severe sentences and punishments.

conversos:were converts of religious and they were persecuted by the inquisition.

religious policy of the Catolhic Monarchs:they put the same religion in their kingdom.

Catholic Monarchs do things which benefited their kingdoms:no becouse when they order to put the same religion 80.000 people left in their kingdoms, but they conquered a lot of kingdoms.

controversial laws and institutions did they introduce:the most controvelsial law was the law of the inquisition tribunal becouse the put very severed punishments and sentences.

Your conclusión can include your personal point of view:I think they didn´t made the law of the only religion becouse they lost 80.000 people and the inquisition tribunal was very severed

henry VIII

Enrique VIII (28 de junio de 1491 – 28 de enero de 1547) fue rey de Inglaterra y señor de Irlanda desde el 22 de abril de 1509 hasta su muerte. Fue el segundo monarca de la casa Tudor, descendiente de su padre, Enrique VII. Famoso por haberse casado seis veces y por ejercer el poder más absoluto entre todos los monarcas ingleses. Entre los hechos más notables de su reinado se incluye su ruptura con la Iglesia Católica Romana, y su establecimiento como cabeza de la Iglesia de Inglaterra (Iglesia Anglicana), la disolución de los monasterios, y la unión de Inglaterra con Gales.
También promulgó legislaciones importantes, como las varias actas de separación con la Iglesia de Roma, de su designación como cabeza suprema de la Iglesia de Inglaterra, las Union Acts de 1535 y 1542, que unificaron a Inglaterra y Gales como una sola nación, la Buggery Act de 1533, primera legislación contra la sodomía en Inglaterra, la Witchcraft Act de 1542, que castigaba con la muerte la brujería.La protección que dispensó al pintor alemán Hans Holbein se tradujo en una formidable serie de retratos y dibujos a color, que efigian a muchos personajes de la Corte de aquella época. Destaca la efigie del propio Enrique VIII.

Bubonic Plague

Bubonic plague


black death orBubonic plague
Classification and external resources
A person infected with bubonic plague.
Bubonic plague is the best known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague.The term "bubonic plague" was often used synonymously for plague, but it does in fact refer specifically to an infection that enters through the skin and travels through the lymphathics, as is often seen in flea-borne infections. Bubonic plague kills about half of infected patients in 3–7 days without treatment and may have been the cause of the black death that in the 1300s killing more than 25 million people, a third of the European population.

vocabulario

Unit 5

Ummayad :was a muslim family that governed in al andalus



Caliphate of Damascus: was a caliphate in al andalus before the caliphate of cordoba
Caliphate of Cordoba:was a caliphate and in this governed abd al rahman 1 and 3.


it was very powerful
Al-Andalus:was the territory of the muslims
Jews: played a significant role in the economy. There were important their comunieties in toledo and other countries.Jewis districs were usually in a separate part of the city
Emirate:was a one governor what called emir.
Emir :was the person what gocerned the contry
Walis was the gorvernor controlled the provinces.
Visir :was the minister.
Hayib :was the prime minister.
Raids almanzur get money and prisioners, he carried out more the fifty raids.
Taifas :were small kingdoms
Parias :were taxes what the muslims paid it to avoid the muslims attack
Almoravids:were berbers wath went to iberia to help the muslims
Almohads :were berbers what help the muslims in the iberian peninsula.
Battle of Navas de Tolosa :where the battle what the muslims were defeat for the cristians in 1212
Nasrid Kingdom:were a weak muslim kingdom what were defeat for the catholic monarchs in 1492.
Dinar:were a coin wath were used the people were of gold


dirhen:were a silver coin.


Arabs:had th best land, and were in charge of goverment


berbers:were more numerous , but had fewer privileges, they sometimes rebelled


muladies:were former christians who adopted the religion, language and customs of islam.Some did this to avoid paying taxes.


mozarabs were christians who continued to practise their religion .As they were not muslims they paid taxes. After the 9 century, many emigrated to the northen kingdoms , to escape persecution
Medina:were a old city.
Aljama:were the main mosque.
Mosque:were a important building

Arrabales :it was workers or districs the craft workshops
Alcázar:the centre of political life was it.
Souk:it was the centre if the social and economic life.
Alhóndigas :it was warehouses
Averroes :was a muslim intellectual
Maimonides :was a jews intellectual
Horseshoe arches :was a tipe of arches.
Plasterwork :with it decorate the arches.













Unit 6

Reconquest :was the revenge of the christian kingdom
Kingdom of Asturias :in it the cristians formed a resistance
Kingdom of León:originated in the ranges of cantabria
Aragonese counties originated in the pirinees.
Catalan counties :originated in the pirinees
Pelayo :was the king what defeated the muslims in lthe battle of covadonga.
Battle of Covadonga :In this war the cristians defeat the muslims.
Alfonso III the greatest expasioncoincided with his reing

Fernán González:he divided castile in count
Spanish March :pyrinean region formed it
Carolingian Empire it was with the spanish march in the pyrinean region.
Sancho III the Great: was the king the navarre and was the powerful cristian king.
Wilfred the Hairy :was the king of the catalan counties.
Beatus :was a manuscriptwith beautiful paintings
Mozarabic art :emerged in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Mudejar art :emerged in the 12 century in sahagun.
Asturian art :developed in the cristian kingdoms in the 10 century.
Repopulation was when the peasants colonised the land and formaed small villages.
Fueros :it was the privileges of the kings give the towns
Military orders :the feudla estates gave it
Mudejars were muslims who remained in cristian territory
Alfonso VI he conquered toledo and the tajo river.
Ferdinand III :united the catile and leon and founded the crown of castile.
Cortes :were united for the politic people
Honourable Council of the Mesta :was a council of breed.
Alfonso I the Battler :was the first king of aragon
James I the Conqueror was the son of alfonso
Generalitat :in catalonia and valencia and the justicia.

vocabulario